includes the fields of systems engineering and human machine systems. In the systems engineering area, Part A includes issue formulation, analysis and modeling, decision making, and issue interpretation for any of the systems engineering lifecycle phases associated with the definition, development, and deployment of large systems. In addition, it includes systems management, systems engineering processes, and a variety of systems engineering methods such as optimization, modeling and simulation. In the human-machine systems area, Part A covers human systems and human organizational interactions including cognitive ergonomics, system test and evaluation, and human information processing concerns in systems and organizations.